Malaysia free essay sample

Malaysia has been perceived by the world as a model for other plural social orders. The idea of ‘unity in diversity’ is constantly demanded by the pioneers. The idea is presently bolstered with the ‘1 Malaysia’ idea which is presented by the present Prime Minister. The Malaysian government is constantly invested amounts of energy to guarantee the solidarity among the individuals on the grounds that the solidarity is significant for national solidarity. The national solidarity will guarantee the country’s thriving and the success will make national mix. The solidarity and combination is a definitive point of improvement. Solidarity can be characterized as a procedure of shaping a national personality among different gatherings that have contrasts in convictions, societies, customs, governmental issues, social, monetary capacities and area into a political element. WHAT ARE THE OBSTACLES THAT FACED BY THE GOV. IN IMPOSTING UNITY ON ITS CITIZEN? Accomplishing national joining isn't a simple assignment, however endeavors must go on. We will compose a custom exposition test on Malaysia or then again any comparative subject explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page This is because of the presence of monetary, social, social, private and world view among the individuals. Along these lines, the Malaysian government since the autonomy of the nation has invested unlimited amounts of energy towards accomplishing the national joining. By and large, there are three fundamental impediments that the nation needs to face and resolve. They are bias and, communalism Prejudice Do you realize what partiality is? It alludes to the mentality towards others dependent on confirmations which isn't concrete and may not be right. In Malaysia setting, this sort of pre-critical demeanor despite everything exists among races despite the fact that much positive data is given. Prejudice Communalism alludes to the disposition of preferring one’s own ethnic gathering. This sort of feeling is likewise common in Malaysia. For instance, the ideological groups that exist in Malaysia are still on ethnic base. The national belief system has five standards: (i)Belief in God (ii)Loyalty to King and Country (iii)Nobleness of the Constitution (iv)Sovereignty of the Law (v)Courtesy and Decency all in all, the targets of the national philosophy are: (i)To accomplish a more prominent solidarity among the individuals (ii)To keep up majority rule lifestyle National Service Develop a youthful age who are energetic and with adoration and dedication for their nation Enhance solidarity among the multi-racial networks in the nation New Economic Policy (NEP) NEP is a monetary methodology by the administration. It was presented in 1970 after the racial mob of 13 May 1969. The primary explanation that caused the mob is because of financial explanation in which there was wide monetary hole between the races particularly between the Malays and Chinese. The NEP is considered as a monetary turn of events and national solidarity program in a multiracial society. Accordingly, the NEP was acquainted with obliterate the financial hole between individuals in country and town zone. In the event that we look top to bottom, there was irregularity of riches dissemination between the races and individuals that have been referenced previously. Other than that, before the mob of 1969 up to the NEP, races were recognized through their monetary capacity. For instance, the Chinese were perceived as dealers and businesspeople since they commanded the financial exercises, the Malays as ranchers since they lived in rustic zones and the Indians as domain works since they lived in bequests. In light of this circumstance, the NEP was made as such with two dimensional point: * To diminish and destroy neediness by expanding salary and openings for work to all residents without taking a gander at their races * To rebuild networks so as to decrease and delete the recognizable proof of races through monetary capacity National Education Policy Since freedom, numerous instructive reports have been executed so as to join together and coordinate the individuals. During the British pioneer, they didn't have an unmistakable instruction strategy. They permitted training to form into four isolated streams which depended on ethnicity †English, Malay, Chinese and Tamil. Every one of the streams had its own destinations, prospectus (ordinarily taken from their nation of inception), educating measures. The Chinese for instance, utilized Chinese language as the mechanism of guidance and youngsters were presented to the historical backdrop of China. Malayan history was completely barred from the schedule similarly the Tamil school. This happened on account of the separation and rule strategy of the British who would not like to see the individuals joined together. In their eyes, when individuals joined together, all races would against them. After the thrashing of Japanese in the World War II, the British returned to control the nation. The neighborhood heads put onto them strain to smooth out the training framework so as to advance racial solidarity. Advancing the utilization of national language In the Main Provisions of the Constitution, Malay language is made as the national language of the nation. It is utilized to advance solidarity among the individuals. Scarcely any sayings have been made to advance solidarity through the national language, for example, ‘Language is the Soul of the Nation’ (Bahasa Jiwa Bangsa) and ‘Language Unite the nation’ (Bahasa Menyatukan Bangsa). To have the option to impart and associate agreeably between various races, Malaysians are additionally urged to learn and to communicate in the dialects of different races in the nation from youthful age. Ideological groups union The reality of the administration to guarantee the solidarity can be seen from the beginning period of the ‘birth’ of Malaysia. Pioneers in the past, for example, TAR and the others contended so energetically to get the freedom of Malaysia. The pioneers from the significant three races I. e Malays, Chinese and Indians had stepped up and structure partnership among the ideological groups that speak to those three races. Thus, National Front (Barisan National) that is a union between UMNO, MIC and MCA was built up in 1951. Till today, the Barisan National even won the thirteenth General Election! As you would like to think, HOW UNITY CAN BE INTERGRATED INTO US MALAYSIANS? As I would see it, since solidarity is the foundation of the solidness of our nation, it must be asked that solidarity must be coordinated by all the residents of Malaysia. National solidarity can be incorporated through the act of equivalent rights. Like what Abraham Lincoln stated, all men are equivalent under the steady gaze of the law. At the point when this demonstration is completed, the greater part and minority races will get equivalent treatment in any type of help that is being given out. On the off chance that it neglects to complete, inadmissible and outrage will be felt by the â€Å"discriminated† gatherings and thusly, racial issues will occurred and upset the country’s advancement. National solidarity in Malaysia is certainly significant as a nation can't advance without the co-activity of the individuals in the nation. Then again, the legislature ought to force heavier disciplines on those individuals who are executing their rowdy demonstrations which are associated with detest and bigotry. Disciplines like prison him for attempting to disturb the harmony in the nation ought to be forced on those transgressors. It is basic for this activity to be completed in light of the fact that once these disciplines are being executed; individuals who are endeavoring to do their tentative arrangements will reconsider before they do it. The second these demonstrations of hogwash stop, harmony will indeed be in our adored country. Another approach to coordinate national solidarity in our nation is by having politically stable nation. The political gatherings in our nation as of late are as a rule extremely serious to frame the administration as opposed to having the people’s government assistance on a basic level. Ideological groups in our property ought to be progressively worried about the citizens’ hardships that they are confronting each day. By doing that, not just the ideological group will contribute tremendously to the reconciliation of national solidarity, yet it will likewise pick up the trust of the residents to choose the specific party to speak to them as a country. The specific party should likewise place their central core into this as national solidarity is the spine to our country’s solidness and respectability. To wrap things up, national solidarity can be accomplished when guardians and gatekeepers assume their parts as good examples and not choose not to see towards this pestilence that is tormenting most nations. Gatekeepers and guardians ought to never scrutinize individuals of different races before their kids. As indicated by an examination made by kid specialists, youngsters for the most part follow the qualities and mentality of their folks or watchmen. This is the fundamental motivation behind why guardians and gatekeepers ought to consistently be a guide to their youngsters so when their kids grow up, they will no longer have the mindset that their ethnicity is consistently over different races with regards to studies, sports or individual capacities. Decision It isn't an uncertainty that national solidarity is significant in our nation. The significance of making and keeping up solidarity and coordination can't be undermined. National solidarity and joining is essential for Malaysian on the off chance that they need to live in harmony and concordance. It is the unparalleled thing that keeps we all bound together, permitting us to live with each other in harmony and congruity. National solidarity is, obviously, conceivable and attainable however it must be gotten bit by bit. As it passes by the adage, Rome wan’t worked in a day. In this manner, we should all cooperate for a superior Malaysia.

Choose any company and describe its multinational business aspects Essay

Pick any organization and portray its global business angles - Essay Example In any case, global organizations face pundits of dirtying the earth and paying neighborhood work inadequately. Simultaneously, they face pundits of misusing the assets of occupant nations and sending the benefits to their parent nations. Worldwide organizations work on the ideas of worldwide business including worldwide setting and friends procedure. In reality, globalization assumes a significant job in the accomplishment of a worldwide organization. The multifaceted nature of working a worldwide organization is extremely clear where just about 1% of every single American organization had branches outside US by 2004. The methodology of a worldwide organization may include converging with parent organizations who have set up conveyance system and client base. If there should arise an occurrence of a merger, it turns out to be difficult to adjust the two national premiums and the premiums of the financial specialists. All things considered, the part of globalization isn't perfect in that most organizations are more established in their parent nations where their clients, speculators, providers, and workers dwell. All things considered, for them to stay above water, they receive a cosmopolitan methodology that orders t hem to adjust to the distinctive market elements in variation nations. This influences the organization procedure that returns to adjustment than development. It likewise influences the association of the organization that needs to decrease the outside contrasts and deal with the authoritative separation (Ghemawat 92-99). They will similarly need to pass the cosmopolitan way to deal with their clients and investors. Microsoft, Sony, Starbucks, and Coca cola are fruitful worldwide organizations. Microsoft Corporation is the universes biggest programming global organization situated in Redmond, Washington, United States. Microsoft manages figuring items where it is the biggest PC producer, engineer, and licensor. The organization utilizes the part of globalization in business where it works in more than in excess of 135 unique

Magical Attic Garden Coloring Page

Magical Attic Garden Coloring Page A coloring page that blends large and small objects for hand control Crystal Cat is planting a garden - and children will grow their pre-writing hand and eye control by adding the color needed to help this garden bloom! This coloring page from The Magical Attic features objects of various sizes that help build the fine motor control and visual acuity needed for pre-writing. BCP Imagines BCP Imagines BCP Imagines designs and develops unique multimedia that brings children and their families creative, fun, shared experiences. Our award-winning cross-platform content encourages creative learning, expression and play while helping kids of ALL ages open their imaginations and look at their world in a new way. BCP Imagines' multi-award winning series Drawing with Mark brings the joy of learning to draw to all ages. The Magical Attic?, where anything is possible,? was created to help foster imagination and creative play while encouraging positive attitudes emphasizing the important lessons of kindness, friendship and helping others. Visit the Magical Attic store or purchase the Drawing with Mark collection!

Teaching Children to Count

A childs first teacher is their parent. Children are often exposed to their earliest math skills by their parents. When children are young, parents use food and toys as a vehicle to get their children to count or  recite numbers. The focus tends to be on rote counting, always starting at number one rather than the understanding the concepts of counting. As parents feed their children, they will refer to one, two, and three as they give their child another spoonful or another piece of food or when they refer to building blocks and other toys. All of this is fine, but counting requires more than a simple rote approach whereby children memorize numbers in a chant-like fashion. Most of us forget how we learned the many concepts or principles of counting. Principles Behind Learning to Count Although weve given names to the concepts behind counting, we dont actually use these names when teaching young learners. Rather, we make observations and focus on the concept. Sequence: Children need to understand that regardless of which number they use for a starting point, the counting system has a sequence.Quantity or Conservation: The number also represents the group of objects regardless of size or distribution. Nine blocks spread all over the table are the same as nine blocks stacked on top of each other. Regardless of the placement of the objects or how theyre counted (order irrelevance), there are still nine objects. When developing this concept with young learners, its important to begin with pointing to or touching each object as the number is being said. The child needs to understand that the last number is the symbol used to represent the number of objects. They also need to practice counting the objects from bottom to top or left to right to discover that order is irrelevant--regardless of how the items are counted, the number will remain constant.Counting Can Be Abstract: This may raise an eyebrow but have you ever asked a child to count the number of times youve thought about getting a task done? Some things that can be counted arent tangible. Its like counting dreams, thoughts or ideas--they can be counted but its a mental ​and not tangible process.Cardinality: When a child is counting a collection, the last item in the collection is the amount of the collection. For instance, if a child counts 1,2,3,4,5,6, 7 marbles, knowing that the last number represents the number of marbles in the collection is cardinality. When a child is prompted  to recount the marbles how many marbles there are, the child doesnt yet have cardinality. To support this concept, children need to be encouraged to count sets of objects and then probed for how many are in the set. The child needs to remember the last number represents the quantity of the set. Cardinality and quantity are related to counting concepts.Unitizing: Our number system groups objects into 10 once 9 is reached. We use a base 10 system whereby a 1 will represent ten , one hundred, one thousand, etc. Of the counting principles, this one tends to cause the greatest amount of difficulty for children. Note We’re  sure youll never look at counting quite the same way when working with your children. More importantly, always keep blocks, counters, coins or buttons to ensure that you are teaching the counting principles concretely. The symbols wont mean anything without the concrete items to back them up.

Business Macroeconomics - 1375 Words

Business Macro-Economics Question A: GDP 1. GDP is the market value of all goods and services produced within a country over a given period of time; it is primarily used to gauge a countrys economy and is also viewed as the size of the economy at a particular period of time. Moreover, GDP is a comparison made between the previous year and the current year to check the countrys economic growth over time. However, measuring GDP is complicated but at its most basic, its calculation is done by either adding up everyones yearly earnings or adding up what everyone spent; logically both measures lead to the same total (United States Bureau of Economic Analysis, 2009). The basic formula for calculating the GDP is; Y = C + I + E + G C =1000; I =200; E =300 and G =250 Y = 1000 + 200 + 300 + 250 = 1750 Y = 1750 2. Whenever a countrys exports exceed imports, then it will add to the GDP but if imports are more than the exports it subtracts from the GDP. More exports by a country increases the foreign income flow to the country which has the effect of increasing the GDP while elevated levels of imports increases the countrys foreign debts which has the effect of lowering the GDP. If we are able to increase our domestic energy production which allows us to import less oil from foreign countries, then it would positively impact the nations GDP. Question B: Inflation 1. Rising inflation and prices has the effect of increasing the inflation rate. Inflation isShow MoreRelatedMacroeconomic Variables Affecting a Business Environment2192 Words   |  9 PagesCHAPTER 1 QUESTION: IDENTIFY AND EXPLAIN TEN (10) MACROECONOMIC VARIABLES AFFECTING A NAMED BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT. HOW CAN THESE BE REGULATED? INTRODUCTION In todays world, no business operates in isolation without interacting with the environment where it operates. 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How to Effectively Manage Leadership Free Essays

string(132) " personnel and facilities such as offices, equipment and tools and modern technology to achieve the objectives of the organization\." How to Effectively Manage Leadership [H. D. Williams] [Touro University Worldwide] Executive Summary The paper identifies the key points that Peter Topping has discussed in his book â€Å"Managerial Leadership†. We will write a custom essay sample on How to Effectively Manage Leadership or any similar topic only for you Order Now This book is a guide for those who needs to build an effective leadership strategy. As Peter says that the management process involves the formulation of effective management systems right process for their application, have the right people with the right qualifications to manage and continuously improve systems to adapt to changing work environment. The major theme underlie in the book is that the managerial competence is necessary for laying the foundation for a very successful and flourishing career, however, it is a fact that demonstrated leadership skills are important to push the leader up to the organizational ladder and goals How to Effectively Manage Leadership Introduction The leadership is a feature of any organization, the axis motor of the same. It is therefore important that any person that performs in the business develop leadership skills. According to Allen, (2008) the leader is the people comprising the action, who converts followers into leaders and who can become agents of change. Leadership ability has been identified as one of the central features determinants of successful staff. In this sense, the modern world requires all those who fulfill tasks in the business sector, to be the leaders, because leadership is the key to successful and improving organizations (Allen, 2008). About The Book The book which needs to be analyzed in this project is â€Å"Managerial Leadership† written by Peter Topping. Thus, the book has identified a number of facts which can be helpful as guidance for effective leadership. It is a fact that effective management in the new millennium of competitive business environment needs a solid and efficient leadership skills for which the companies lacks to provide adequate training and development. There is a need for the Frameworks and top leadership tools for assessing leadership techniques, strengths for handling growth and change and thus, leads to make managerial leadership a veritable learning laboratory (Topping, 2001). Thesis statement The paper identifies how Peter has discussed The Role of effective management prevailing in competitive business environment in his book â€Å"Managerial Leadership†. Discussion and Analysis The book identifies a number of elements which is necessary for manage an effective management strategy. Thus, Leadership can be broadly defined as the process of inspiring, coordinating, directing, mentoring and motivating, individuals, groups of individuals, organizations, societies, or nations toward achieving goals or results. Such a simple definition hides the reality that leadership as a concept is rife with complexity and debate (Allio, 2005). More important, leadership as a field of study is vast and can be a daunting domain of study for newcomers to the field. Part of the challenge for people studying and researching leadership is the high volume of leadership theories and perspectives available (Buus, 2005). Leadership in the new economy with its constant changes required to have an ability to adapt to new emerging business model, maintaining constancy of purpose and core values. This ability increases if the leaders make deliberate choices consistent with the values and beliefs of the company. Therefore, today’s struggling economy is in need of an effective leadership development strategy (Buus, 2005). A simple search of the word leadership will yield several thousand articles and publications on leadership written by academic scholars. As such, any attempt to define and summarize leadership will be a complex endeavor that will never fully capture and account for the concept of leadership. The aim of this encyclopedic entry, therefore, is to provide a general overview of leadership specific to organization studies for the novice reader. Major Theme The major theme underlie in the book is that the managerial competence is necessary for laying the foundation for a very successful and flourishing career, however, it is a fact that demonstrated leadership skills are important to push the leader up to the organizational ladder and goals (Topping, 2001). Based in part on Dr. Peter Topping’s experience as managing director of the Goizueta Institute for Corporate Learning and Research, a cross-disciplinary think tank created to advance the cause of leaders and leadership, this challenging and illuminating book provides: †¢ A proven, four-tiered approach to becoming a more effective leader †¢ Tools for developing coaching, teaching, and mentoring skills †¢ Methods to determine and strengthen effective leadership behaviors Management process is to take care of your business processes in the best possible way to improve performance. The management process involves the formulation of effective management systems right process for their application, have the right people with the right qualifications to manage and continuously improve systems to adapt to changing work environments (Topping, 2001). While it may be true that managers facilitate while leaders initiate, both skills remain valuable in today’s workplace. Thus, from Managerial Leadership we find how to combine management and leadership into a dynamic approach for demonstrating effective leadership in any company or industry. Leadership Development Numerous studies have led to the same conclusion i. e. organizations that invest in leadership development are more effective than organizations that do not. Periods of economic instability only intensifies this effect. The latest study shows that all companies that have successfully gone through times of crisis have a clear strategy for leadership development. Investments, especially in a crisis, not only recovered but also brought profits. Research shows that the companies believe that it is more important to invest in the development of leadership in times of recession. Such companies not only survived but became stronger than their competitors. Studies show that investments in leadership development can: †¢ Improve the financial performance of companies †¢ Contribute to attracting and retaining talent †¢ Stimulate the development and maintenance of culture results (performance culture) †¢ Increase the agility of organizations (Topping, 2001). Effective Management Process management can effectively transform your business from failure to success in a short time. This means that you make good use of available resources in the organization such as money, personnel and facilities such as offices, equipment and tools and modern technology to achieve the objectives of the organization. You read "How to Effectively Manage Leadership" in category "Essay examples" Knowledge is also something very important for an organization and must be well managed through effective process management. Effective process management will manifest through a business has improved, increased profits, satisfied customers, motivated employees, willing to go extra miles and improve their skills and a new workplace business (Allio, 2005). Thus, important features to be identified are as under: Instruments to ensure effective management Protected areas are instruments to achieve the objectives of nature conservation. As such instruments require human, material and financial resources, and procedures to achieve their goals. To improve the means and processes to achieve effective management, will develop six lines of work. Adequacy of management structures Success in meeting the objectives for declaring protected areas depends on many factors, some internal systems themselves nature conservation and many other external. The adequacy of the management structures of the areas and systems of protected areas is the basis for effectively achieving its goals. Quality Management for Conservation The nature conservation is a priority of the protected natural areas. As the active management progresses, it becomes necessary to develop tools to improve information sharing, standardize procedures, and evaluate the effectiveness of actions. Quality management of public use and tourism Progress has been made n improving the quality of public use and tourism in protected areas (two good examples are the Q for quality of services offered to visitors, and the European Charter for Sustainable Tourism as a joint project between managers and tourism professionals). There are several manuals to guide and establish benchmarks for the management of public use. It is time to consolidate and improve where necessary, the quality of these services (Topping, 2001). Quality management for economic development The integration of socio-economic development objectives of protected areas has progressed over the years through the implementation of development plans and implementation of initiatives with the business of the territory as marks of quality products and services associated to the parks. According to Peter, the laws of rural development and biodiversity provide a favorable scenario to promote good development practices in terms of sustainability. Evaluation of Management Effectiveness Protected areas are incorporating monitoring as an essential part of evaluating the effectiveness of management and the systematic collection of information and outreach through management reports. Leadership and Management Leadership as a concept in its broadest sense refers in essence to the one that brought forward the fundamental in the governance process and then, there is overlap between the concept of leadership and management. Thus, as the first is one of the components of the administrative process as several other elements of which (organization, planning, implementation and monitoring and follow-up). They also overlaps the other hand, comes in the context of the similarity in performance since both of them refers to the organization of group activity to achieve certain goals, as well as from that, the success of management is linked to a large extent the nature of leadership so the need for management capacity and presidents of qualified people with learning and creativity does not almost equivalent (Topping, 2001). The relationship management leadership management is not one year to the private, but it lies in the nature of each of the term management refers more to the policies, procedures and organizational tructure of any aspects of the technical and organizational while the driving means in particular profile of any humanitarian and short, that the administration is broader than leadership that is driving to one of the functions and tasks of management Developing Talent According to Peter, talent is now considered a competitive advantage: it is what differentiates successful companies from the rest. The task then is to identify: What is the talent of their workers? Talent is an asset to be managed effectively if you want to succeed in the market and also remain in the right place at the right time (Buus, 2005). While it is intangible, this is achieved by workers’ performance and superior results that some of them, with great effort, manage to achieve. Talent is a strategic asset (scarce, valuable and unique) to be managed appropriately in the context of corporate strategy. Organizations can develop talent through: †¢ Design jobs, positions and business roles from the competencies and skills that are required in order to get the most out of it. †¢ Focus on developing leadership talent †¢ Motivate employees constantly Train your employees on the latest techniques, technologies and working methods †¢ Place employees in working jobs suited to their skills and competencies (Allio, pp: 1071-7). These practices are an outstanding for the leadership growth and can be used in leadership growth programs in various organizations. The ability of leaders is becoming scarce therefore; developing individuals internally is becoming more and more significant (Allio, 2005). Accordi ng to Peter, there are many leadership practices that work as guidelines and can be incorporated in an organization to achieve success. Some of them include: Strong executive engagement, tailored leadership competencies, alignment with business strategy, target all levels of leadership, apply a comprehensive and ongoing approach and integrate with talent management (Topping, 2001). Other than these practices a leader may establish his own practices that may help him in achieving organizational goals. Conclusion Leadership growth is best planned and enforced when it takes place as a procedure implanted inside the organizational policy. This has significances for both the invention of â€Å"plans† and â€Å"procedures† (i. e. , numerous stages, numerous learning skills, constantly retreating to the requirements of the business). A leader is not born overnight. Often it takes time for an individual to become a leader, and even after evolving a leader there is more to learn in alignment to become a productive leader. Leading by example is a mighty procedure. Leaders must possess the qualities they are seeking to incorporate into their team (Topping, 2001). Rather than understanding leadership as a position or an inherent trait, leadership is understood as an activity or process that involves the development of certain skills or capacities. While leadership differs in many ways from management, it is imperative that both functions exist and complement one another. Leadership is ultimately what will lead to innovation and positive change, and management assists in this process. To address the complex and adaptive challenges our society is facing today and will face in the future, we must find new ways to view leadership and engage in leadership in our organizations. Thus, through the book â€Å"Managerial Leadership†, one can get the guide, strategies and tools that is required for implementing and cultivating a string and successful leadership organization and therefore, lead to develop one’s own valuable leadership efficiency and effectiveness (Topping, 2001). References Allen, S. , Hartman, N. (2008), â€Å"Leadership development: an exploration of sources of learning†, Advanced Management Journal, Vol. 73 No. 1, pp. 10-62. Allio, R. J. (2005), â€Å"Leadership development: teaching versus learning†, Management Decision, Vol. 3 No. 7/8, pp. 1071-7. Burke, V. , Collins, D. (2005), â€Å"Optimizing the effects of leadership development programmers†, Management Decision, Vol. 43 No. 7/8, pp. 975-87. Buus, I. (2005), â€Å"The evolution of leadership development: challenges and best practice†, Industrial and Commercial Training, Vol. 37 No. 4/5, pp. 185-8. Peter A. Topping, (2001), Managerial Leadership, Publisher: McGraw-Hill; 1 edition (December 26, 2001), ISBN-13: 978-0071375238 Yukl, G. A. (2006), Leadership in Organizations, Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall. How to cite How to Effectively Manage Leadership, Essay examples

International Law Essays (2577 words) - International Trade

International Law International law is the body of legal rules that apply between sovereign states and such other entities as have been granted international personality (status acknowledged by the international community). The rules of international law are of a normative character, that is, they prescribe towards conduct, and are potentially designed for authoritative interpretation by an international judicial authority and by being capable of enforcement by the application of external sanctions. The International Court of Justice is the principal judicial organ of the United Nations, which succeeded the Permanent Court of International Justice after World War II. Article 92 of the charter of the United Nations states: The International Court of justice shall be the principal judicial organ of the United nations. It shall function in accordance with the annexed Statute, which is based upon the Statute of the Permanent court of International Justice and forms an integral part of the present Charter. The commands of international law must be those that the states impose upon themselves, as states must give consent to the commands that they will follow. It is a direct expression of raison d'etat, the "interests of the state", and aims to serve the state, as well as protect the state by giving its rights and duties. This is done through treaties and other consensual engagements which are legally binding. The case-law of the ICJ is an important aspect of the UN's contribution to the development of international law. It's judgements and advisory opinions permeates into the international legal community not only through its decisions as such but through the wider implications of its methodology and reasoning. The successful resolution of the border dispute between Burkina Faso and Mali in the 1986 Frontier Dispute case illustrates the utility of judicial decision as a means of settlement in territorial disputes. The case was submitted to a Chamber of the ICJ pursuant to a special agreement concluded by the parties in 1983. In December 1985, while written submissions were being prepared, hostilities broke out in the disputed area. A cease-fire was agreed, and the Chamber directed the continued observance of the cease-fire, the withdrawal of troops within twenty days, and the avoidance of actions tending to aggravate the dispute or prejudice its eventual resolution. Both Presidents publicly welcomed the judgement and indicated their intention to comply with it. In the Fisheries Jurisdiction case (United Kingdom v. Iceland, 1974) the ICJ contributed to the firm establishment in law of the idea that mankind needs to conserve the living resources of the sea and must respect these resources. The Court observed: It is one of the advances in maritime international law, resulting from the intensification of fishing, that the former laissez-faire treatment of the living resources of the sea in the high seas has been replaced by a recognition of a duty to have due regard of the rights of other States and the needs of conservation for the benefit of all. Consequently, both parties have the obligation to keep inder review the fishery resources in the disputed waters and to examine together, in the light of scientific and other available information, the measures required for the conservation and development, and equitable exploitation, of these resources, taking into account any international agreement in force between them, such as the North-East Atlantic Fisheries Convention of 24 January 1959, as well as such other agreements as may be reached in the matter in the course of further negotiation. The Court also held that the concept of preferential rights in fisheries is not static. This is not to say that the preferential rights of a coastal State in a special situation are a static concept, in the sense that the degree of the coastal State's preference is to be considered as for ever at some given moment. On the contrary, the preferential rights are a function of the exceptional dependence of such a coastal State on the fisheries in adjacent waters and may, therefore, vary as the extent of that dependence changes. The Court's judgement on this case contributes to the development of the law of the sea by recognizing the concept of the preferential rights of a coastal state in the fisheries of the adjacent waters, particularly if that state is in a special situation with its population dependent on those fisheries. Moreover, the Court proceeds further to recognise that the law pertaining to fisheries must accept the primacy of the requirement of conservation based on scientific data. The exercise of preferential rights of the coastal state, as well as the hisoric rights of other states