Psychology free essay sample

While earlier, used editions may be available in the campus bookstore, and differences between the two versions are relatively minor, you do so at your own risk. *Note that we have placed 2 copies of the text on reserve at the Data Porter Library (24 hour loan period). A link to access the course reserves appears on the course web site (below). Course Description and Objectives This is an introductory course in psychology, which meaner that we will be covering all areas of psychology in the course. It is designed to introduce you to the field of psychology as a whole, and to the major theories and findings in the discipline. The course is designed so that you can meet the following objectives: 1 . Become familiar with the broad range of topics that make up the discipline of psychology. 2. Become familiar with the methods of investigation used in psychology, and the strengths and limitations of these methods. We will write a custom essay sample on Psychology or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page 3. Develop an understanding of the vocabulary and concepts of psychology that will allow you to study further in advanced courses or through independent reading. 4. Develop the ability to relate the findings of psychological research to your life and to important issues in our society and the world at large. . Think critically about your preconceptions of what psychology is so you can become an informed consumer of psychological information (in the media, Journals, etc ) Course Website (http://learn. Outerwear. Ca): The course website will include reprint slides shown in lectures, the course syllabus and any announcements. You will also be able to check your grades on the course website. The Powering slides will be posted at least 24 hours before lecture, as many students prefer to take notes directly on the slides. That said, having the slides will not replace regularly attending lectures. Attendance is critical for success n this course. Course Content: You will be responsible for materials from two sources in this course: the lectures and the textbook. 20% of exam questions will come exclusively from lecture materials, while 20% will come exclusively from the textbook. The remaining 60% of questions will come from materials that were covered both in lectures and in the textbook. To do well in this course it is necessary to both attend lectures and keep up with the assigned textbook readings. Questions and Contacting the Instructors: The greatest disadvantage of a course this size (250+ students) is the minimal umber of individual interactions you will have with your instructors. We strongly encourage you ask questions in class/after class or to come to our office hours with questions. If you have questions about: * Content: Please direct them to the relevant instructor (see schedule below) or to teaching assistants. * Missed tests: Please contact teaching assistants. * Course website problems: Please contact teaching assistants. * Questions about exams/assignments: Please contact teaching assistants. Other inquiries: Please contact teaching assistants. COURSE REQUIREMENTS GRADING Requirements Tests (32% each): You will take three in-class multiple-choice tests during the semester. The tests will cover material that is presented in the text and in lectures. The tests will not be cumulative. There will not be a final exam. In general, there will be no make-up tests, but i n cases of severe illness or other extenuating circumstances a make-up test will be offered. Given the size of the class written documentation will be required for any make-up test. It is also required that you contact a TA within 72 hours, with your written documentation, to schedule the make- up test. Make-up exams will not occur more than one week after the original exam date. There will also be an optional application paper (see below). 2. Application Paper (Optional 32%): You have the option to write a short paper (1000 to 1500 words in length). In this paper, you will find 1-3 examples of popular media (e. G. News stories, books, blobs, movies, etc ) and analyses them using at least one of the psychological concepts you have learned in this course. This can be anything from a news article about relations between Israel and Palestine to a blob entry about a social issue to a particular characters behavior in a movie or novel. You Just need three referencesone can be the textbook, a second should be from a psychological Journal, and finally you need to reference the media you are analyzing. You are strongly encouraged to contact either the Tats or the instructors with your ideas for the paper before writing it. You will receive specific instructions for this assignment in class. It will be due on Tuesday November 26th by 1 1 :55 pm. There will be no extensions for this assignment and you are encouraged to submit it well before the due date. Your mark on this paper may be used to replace the grade of your lowest mid-term. In the event that your mark on this optional assignment is lower than your mid-term marks, your mid-term marks will not be changed. 3. Psychological experiments/studies you participate in/article reviews (4% + 2% bonus): During the term, you will have opportunities to participate in studies that are being conducted by University of Waterloo researchers. See the description below. Your participation is voluntary. During the first three weeks of our course, there will be a Mass Testing Questionnaire that can be completed on the web. This will count as one research participation credit. You can earn up to 2 additional percentage points in the class by participating in other experiments. Please note that you do not have to participate in experiments/studies if you dont want to. Alternatively (or in addition), you may write up short reviews of articles that are relevant to psychology. Articles that you review must be serious (e. G. A news report of a study that has genuine relevance to psychology) rather than frivolous. You must check with a TA about the appropriateness of any article that you are thinking about summarizing. You may use the sheet at the end of the course outline to guide he writing of your summary. Please turn it in with the summary. In addition, you may not summarize any of the articles that you are using for your application paper or the article s in the Scientific American reader. You complete a total of 4 research participations in any combination of mass testing questionnaire, experimental participation and article summaries (e. . , 2 experimental participations + completing the mass testing questionnaire + 1 article summary; or 3 experimental participations + mass testing questionnaire) for normal course credit. Each hour of research participation/summary/mass testing questionnaire will be worth 1% of your grade for a total of 4%. In addition, I will allow you to participate in two additional hours of experiments (or article summaries) for an additional 1% extra credit for each. So theoretically, you could earn a mark of 102%. There will be no other opportunities to earn extra credit?I cannot grant any special requests for extra credit.

Workplace writing as a factor of everyday professional communication

Workplace writing as a factor of everyday professional communication The article titled what we learn from writing on the job by Lester Faigley and Thomas Miller mainly addresses the importance of having the designers of college curricula take into consideration the importance of inculcating writing skills for the future benefit of their students.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Workplace writing as a factor of everyday professional communication specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The two authors assert that college graduates should be able to write at a certain level of proficiency which should also be in tandem with their respective professions. The authors argue that as much as most of the professional writing is learned on the job, it is the prerogative of the trainers to ensure that the graduates they produce are worth the professional accreditation they are given. The authors argue that the literacy crisis can easily be linked to tertiary institutions of learning abolishing their writing classes. The study conducted by the two authors to establish the importance or academic training in writing reveals that individuals who are proficient in writing also tend to be effective in delivering oral presentations. The authors conclude that writing is gradually being regarded as just one of the established methods of communicating instead of the fundamental basis on which professionalism is grounded. I completely agree with the authors’ opinions that the abolition of writing classes should be attributed to the literacy crisis. This is primarily because I have personally discovered that the less I am required to write, the less I feel motivated to involve myself in learning through literary texts. This is particularly because the rapid technological changes in the communication have made it easier to pass a message across without necessarily involving the written text. For instance, I can easily get the same information about Nelson Mandela from watching a docu mentary as I could have obtained from reading one of his anthologies. The article titled writing in the professions by Anne Beaufort is primarily an analysis of the evolution of the research process as a factor of workplace writing. The author points out the relevance of the topic on professional writing by outlining a number of articles that have been written by various on the scholars on the same topic.Advertising Looking for essay on linguistics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Beaufort explains that before the advent of computers workplace writing was held in high regard with most employers demanding that potential employees have proper writing skills. She then goes ahead to point out that with revolutions happening in every aspect of society, workplace writing evolved to factor in some amount of conscious deliberation and composition. This, according to her was necessitated by the realization that individuals in management who did not possess proper writing skills ended up becoming liabilities to the enterprises owing to their inefficiency. The impact of technology on the writing approaches of various professionals has also been underscored. Beaufort has included an analysis of writing in professions ranging from accounting at the International Monetary fund (IMF) to air traffic control. Her sole aim in this extensive exemplification is to show a correlation between writing and technological changes. The author comes to the conclusion that students need to know how to appropriately apply research skills depending on the situation that they find themselves in. I support Beaufort’s conclusion because it is easy to note the importance of research in each and every profession. As such, tutors and instructors should strive to ensure that there students develop proper research and analytical skills for the sake of effectiveness in their future careers. The two articles both touch on the i mportance of students developing proper writing skills for the purpose of future effectiveness at the workplace. However, the articles are not specific on which elements of learning need to be worked on and this leaves room for more research. Below are two questions whose analysis would provide guidelines as to the particular changes that need to be made to the education and professional system in order to create effective workers.

Bradford Assay

Bradford Protein Assay Practical Report 1. Present your data (including raw data and calculated concentrations) for the protein standards in the form of a clear table. Give one example of how you calculated protein concentration. Do not forget a descriptive title and units (4marks) Title either too long or not descriptive or absent Your results are in duplicate shouldn’t be referred to as ‘set1 set2’ or ‘original’ and ‘duplicate’ Many of you think units of absorbance are nm but A has arbitrary (ie no) units. nm indicates the ax of the chromophore Failure to give correct units in legends eg (ml) or (? g/ml) 2. Plot a graph of absorbance against protein concentration by hand. The graph should have an appropriate title and clearly labelled axes. Staple graph to the completed proforma and the Life Sciences submission sheet (4 marks) Mainly ok but both duplicate Abs- blank should be plotted and one line of best fit drawn through points. Do not extrapolate beyond the highest standard, you have no evidence that Beer-Lambert’s Law applies at high A. Make sure you choose appropriate scale and use full scale deflection on A4 graph paper. These types of graph are standard curves and that term should be in the title, remember we are not directly measuring the absorbance of protein, but a chromophore derived from the protein. 3. Present your data for unknown samples (including raw data and calculated concentrations of X Y) in the form of a clear table. Do not forget title and units. (4 marks) All data should be in one table but pay attention to typesetting and make sure that words/numbers are not split between 2 lines, this will lose marks. Absorbance of blank must be subtracted from values for unknown as they also contain non-specific absorbance. Many of you wrote dilutions incorrectly eg 1:2. The symbol : means ratio ? this actually means 1in 3. Either write as 1in 2 or 1:1 Never average absorbance-it’s not good practise (except for blank) you should convert to analyte then average your final results. Most dilute samples have least absorbance, many of you muddled your dilutions making final values incorrect. Always double-check arithmetic. If the final answer for the different dilutions don’t agree, look at your results and ask yourself if they seem right. Remember there is only one right answer for each unknown . Explain briefly each step of your calculations to find the protein concentration of X and Y, underlining your final answers. Convert to mg/ml. (6 marks) No need to explain how to read values from the std curve. Explain which absorbance values you read from the graph, what (if any) dilution factor you multiplied that value by, and then which answers you then averaged to get your final answers and why you ignored any data (eg poor duplicates or off scale cf standard- you cannot extrapolate beyond your std curve ) Some of you not using the proforma wrote too much. You will be penalised for exceeding allocated space in assignments, so be mindful of this 5. What is the chromophore measured in the Bradford assay? (2 marks) Many of you defined the term chromophore rather than describing the Bradford chromophore which is CBB + protein. (not CBB alone! ) The ? max at 595nm is formed when the dye binds to protein 6. What is the purpose of the blank? Why is it necessary to subtract the absorbance of the blank from all other results? (2 marks) The blank gives us the value for non-specific absorbance ; as we are interested in the specific (in this case protein) absorbance, we must subtract the blank absorbance from all other abs. values. Many of you didn’t subtract the blank from the unknown’s but as they are also mixtures of protein, NaCl and reagents measured in cuvettes, they also contain non-specific absorbance so you must subtract the blank. Many of you said the blank is used to zero the spectrophotometer (which it can be ) but we didn’t do that; we zeroed on water or NaCl then subtracted the blank mathematically. The blank you had to deduct was to remove the combined absorbances of water, NaCl and most importantly the dye in the uncomplexed state 7. The Biuret and Folin-Lowry are two other commonly used colourimetric protein assays. UV absorption can also be used to determine protein concentration. Describe the basis of these methods and compare them with the Bradford assay in terms of ease, sensitivity, range and interferences. (8 marks) You need to describe the biochemical basis(not the actual method) of the Biuret, Lowry and Bradford assays. The Lowry is a modification of the Biuret to improve it’s sensitivity so it’s appropriate to describe the Biuret method first , then describe the Lowry modification You need to state the range (the lowest- highest concentration they can detect) sensitivity(the lowest amount they can detect) for each assay. Some of you confused sensitivity with interference ie substances which, if present will give incorrect results. You need to state how reliable they are -whether they are prone to interferences. You could mention cost of reagents, ease of procedure Many of you placed too much emphasis on the ? ax of the different chromophores described but this is not really relevant. You need to state the wavelength at which proteins absorb UV radiation and which moieties in proteins absorb in the UV. ie at 280nm(near UV) it’s the aromatic amino acids, some of you also mention A200nm(far UV) at which peptide bonds absorb, although this is of little practical use. Note any inte rferences- remember many things absorb UV radiation Advantages of using UV- it’s non destructive so you can recover your sample for further investigation. Formula which relates UV absorption to protein concentration

Persuasion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Persuasion - Essay Example Emphasizing this particular issue, the objective of the essay is to develop an overview about the nature of message delivered through articles referred. Furthermore, in this essay, classification of the articles titled â€Å"Tough love for fat people: Tax their food to pay for healthcare† by Healy (2009), â€Å"Should fattening foods be taxed?† by Cafferty (2009) and â€Å"Americans against Food Taxes† by SourceWatch (2011) is done respectively, depending on the writing styles and the effects that they could generate on the common people. The major strength that could possibly be noted from the article titled â€Å"Americans against Food Taxes† is the group’s focus on the reaction of the common people regarding food taxes induced on government defined â€Å"unhealthy foods† (SourceWatch, 2011). Similarly, the articles titled â€Å"Tough love for fat people: Tax their food to pay for healthcare† and â€Å"Should fattening foods be taxed?† can be treated as informative sources reflecting on the ways general people are bound to suffer for such taxation, especially those who are not obese; thus, offering a contradictory point of view to the issue (Cafferty, 2009; Healy, 2009). The article by SourceWatch (2011), provides a clear indication of the ways the group, i.e. Americans against Food Taxes are supporting the people combating against food taxation, which might in turn, serve as an emotional base for the popularity of the article. As can be observed, the major strength of this articl e have been to draw attention of its readers towards aspects, which might be left overlooked when interpreting both the pros and cons of the issue concerning tax imposition on â€Å"unhealthy† foods. One of the key weaknesses of the article by SourceWatch (2011) is its focus on unveiling the arguments made by the Americans against Food Taxes group, funded by renowned beverage companies in the US.

Illegal Immigration - Effects on large cities Essay

Illegal Immigration - Effects on large cities - Essay Example The 1965 Elimination and nationality act was probably the first effort to control illegal immigration into the US from Mexico (Skinner, 2006). From that date till present, many acts have been introduced in the US regarding immigrants. Some of these acts however (for example the Alien registration act of 1940 and the Immigration amnesty act of 1986), while being explicit in fines and penalties for illegal immigrants and those who employ them were also lenient in a way that these acts legalized a great number of illegal immigrants at that time. Such acts have indirectly encouraged illegal immigration instead of limiting it. According to a study, cited in Huntington (2000), Mexicans constituted 62% of the total illegal immigrant population in the US in the year 1992. Other than Mexicans, illegal immigrants include Filipinos, Chinese, Hispanics and Spanish also. A research by Jordan, cited in Huntington (2000) concluded that without Mexican immigrants, the total immigration level in the US might have been almost equal to two thirds of what it has actually been. Ritter (2006) has estimated that almost 11 million illegal immigrants live in the USA, and this number increases almost by a million each year. According to one estimate, the foreign born immigrant population has exceeded more than ten percent of the total population in seven census years i.e., from 1860 to 1930 (Huntington, 2000). These rates are alarming and suggest that America’s more than half population is immigrant. Garibaldi (2006) has pointed out some issues raised due to illegal immigration. These include encouragement for others in illegal immigration, burden on the tax-paying population of America, injustice towards the legal immigrants, growth of the demand for cheap labor, fake documentations and paper fraud. Similarly, Wagner (2001) has identified the problems related to illegal immigration as follows: economic issues,

Comparative Essay Between Movies and Books Essay Example for Free

Comparative Essay Between Movies and Books Essay In 2003, David Foster Wallace said â€Å"Reading requires sitting alone, by yourself, in a room†¦I have friends—intelligent friends—who don’t like to read because there’s an almost dread that comes up about having to be alone and having to be quiet†¦When you walk into most public spaces in America, it isn’t quiet anymore. † Although the collective amount of time spent by people reading has declined with our minds, moving pictures with sound continue to further embed themselves in culture. Ask a group of fifteen year olds how many books they have read in the last month, and the likely answer will be that most of them have not finished a book since a month ago. But ask the same group the last time they saw a movie, and a week previous (or less) will fail to be an uncommon answer. A question then poses itself: why is it that one source of entertainment and art is falling out of favor while another is becoming more and more common? One could ascribe the comparative quality of the two, implying that movies are superior to books. However, a more accurate, yet less popular affirmation would be that books are superior to films and that superiority is not necessarily synonymous with prevalence. To go into detail in a movie the same way as one might in a book would be painfully difficult. The resulting abomination would be torturously monotonous due to movies very nature, which panders to the short attention spans of the average person by constantly moving and embellishing ideas with pictures and music. It would also be horribly long, the length of, or longer than an audiobook. For evidence, one could look at documentaries and nonfiction books. The former are far less informative, although one may wish to believe otherwise because a documentary film takes less work to enjoy and is, to some, more pleasurable. Take two lectures, both approximately an hour and twenty minutes in length (approximately the running time of a movie) and both by two highly acclaimed authors. The first, by Thomas L. Friedman, was on his book The World is Flat, and the second, by Temple Grandin, was on her book Animals in Translation. In either lecture, one could see the speaker constantly speaking and cramming more information into their allotted time. Yet neither covered even close to what was in their books. A documentary trying to do such a thing is even more preposterous, demanding copious amounts of time for a garnish of pretty images and smooth transitions. This is the reason scholars do not publish their findings in case-study documentaries but in texts. Long, arduous texts the average person would rather die than pick up. Further evidence is in the quality of film adaptations of books. If one went to see the recent movie Life of Pi after reading the original novel by Yann Martel, a period of misanthropy and depression may not be a completely unrelated concept. The movie was one hundred twenty-seven minutes long and left out numerous important facets, such as Pi’s connection with a Suffi man in part of Pondicherry, his grade-school teacher Mr. Kumar, and the training of Richard Parker. The content of the film was not, however, wanting when compared to others movies of its length. It might take several weeks to finish the book; how could a film-maker be expected to fill all of the information in it into one hundred twenty-seven minutes, with exposition, visual stimulation, and graphic theatrics as obligations? Life of Pi is art as a book, but as a movie, is a source of mass-market entertainment. Although film’s quantitative flaws of constriction are more than surfeit to deem texts as the more valuable mediaform, ample also are its qualitative stiflings. For example, if a movie character began to speak the way Jean Genet does in his books, the production would come across as contrived and pretentious. For a moment I was no longer a hungry, ragged vagabond,† wrote Genet in The Thiefs Journal, â€Å"whom dogs and children chased away; nor was I the bold thief flouting the cops, but rather the favorite mistress who, beneath a starry sky, soothes the conqueror. † Using words like â€Å"vagabond† and â€Å"flouting† in everyday speech is incredibly uncommon, and even english teachers will tell you that using the conjunction â€Å"nor† will get one beat up. Genet, however, is widely regarded as a brilliant artist for, including but not limited to, his beauteous prose. A stark contrasts between books and movies shimmers here. The language in a movie is only of characters, who are constantly in a mode of speech too casual for grace past a certain point, while a book is free to use English (or whatever tongue it is written in) freely. The confinement of characters as one of the only modes of expression—and almost always the most utilized—is also a problem when expressing greater themes. Compare most classic cinema achievements to esteemed novels, and an underlying trend will emerge: movies repeatedly project something about humans, or the nature of man, while books are far ore diverse, sometimes delving deeply into the emotional lives of characters without the chains of lengthy exposition and making discourse seem natural, while some dwell extensively on philosophical musings such as the meaning of life and the cyclical nature of history. One of the biggest reasons books dominate movies is also one of the biggest reasons books are becoming significantly popular. That is, books effect mental wo rk. Culture as a whole has become increasingly fast paced, and the instant gratification of movies fits in with the utmost dexterity. The interactive experience one has with a book is a glorious cradle for the type of deep thought about a topic that lasts maybe thirty minutes rather than thirty seconds. To read a novel by James Joyce, one must spend a significant amount of time trying to process the underlying themes and meanings, often rereading even a small portion several times until it makes sense. Many people loathe James Joyce for the daunting density of his work. But to watch a James Cameron movie, a two hour slot of time is all that is usually given up before a person begins eulogizing or bashing the piece. When one challenges one’s brain, it becomes more powerful, like a exercising a muscle. All aforesaid is meant not to bash movies, but simply to expose how they are surpassed by books. Many people who would argue the converse position are not without reason. Some may sight â€Å"art films† like Citizen Kane and Nosferatu, arguing that despite how these are very different in nature than books, they are greater and more beneficial media. Others would assert that there are more options in film. That there are new dimensions to work in when visuals are added into the mix: lighting, filters, cinematography, etcetera. And an entire other artform is said to be a fundamental part of movies but not books: acting. What a character says on paper can be extremely affected by what the inflection and tone of the speaker is. For example, the phrase â€Å"I wanted to kick his ass† can have a huge shift in meaning when emphasis is put on â€Å"I,† â€Å"wanted,† â€Å"kick,† â€Å"his,† or â€Å"ass. † Books, falling in the numerical eye of statisticians as a great form of media, are truly better and more diverse than the silver screen. Books are far freer to paint with complex detail and long topics, while most movies re tied to a certain length, making books better beacons for information. Freer still are books in the possibilities of both subject matter and ways to express that because they are not stuck on characters so severely. With their richness comes an opportunity for the reader to exercise the brain to a greater degree, enriching all parts of their mental life. Although some people disagree, using great old films and the unique opportunities filmmaking does provide the artist with as talking points, books remain the prevailing art the face of a shrinking audience.

Mechanics: Statics And Dynamics :: essays research papers fc

Mechanics: Statics and Dynamics TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION.........................................................1 Chapter I. General Principles........................................2 I. Systems of Force.........................................4 II. Stress..................................................6 III. Properties of Material.................................7 IV. Bolted and Welded Joints................................10 V. Beams -- A Practical Application.........................13 VI. Beam Design.............................................17 VII. Torsional Loading: Shafts, Couplings, and Keys........19 VIII. Conclusion............................................20 BIBLIOGRAPHY.........................................................21 INTRODUCTION   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Mechanics is the physical science concerned with the dynamic behavior of bodies that are acted on by mechanical disturbances. Since such behavior is involved in virtually all the situations that confront an engineer, mechanics lie at the core of much engineering analysis. In fact, no physical science plays a greater role in engineering than does mechanics, and it is the oldest of all physical sciences. The writings of Archimedes covering bouyancy and the lever were recorded before 200 B.C. Our modern knowledge of gravity and motion was established by Isaac Newton (1642-1727).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Mechanics can be divided into two parts: (1) Statics, which relate to bodies at rest, and (2) dynamics, which deal with bodies in motion. In this paper we will explore the static dimension of mechanics and discuss the various types of force on an object and the different strength of materials.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The term strength of materials refers to the ability of the individual parts of a machine or structure to resist loads. It also permits the selection of materials and the determination of dimensions to ensure the sufficient strength of the various parts. General Principles   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Before we can venture to explain statics, one must have a firm grasp on classical mechanics. This is the study of Newton's laws and their extensions. Newton's three laws were originally stated as follows:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1. Every body continues in its state of rest, or of uniform motion in a straight line, unless it is compelled to change that state by forces impressed on it.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  2. The change of motion is proportional to the motive force impressed and is made in the direction in which that force is impressed.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  3. To every action there is always opposed an equal reaction; or the mutual actions of two bodies on each other are equal and direct to contrary parts.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Newton's law of gravitational attraction pertains to celestrial bodies or any object onto which gravity is a force and states: â€Å"Two particles will be attracted toward each other along their connecting line with a force whose magnitude is directly proportional to the product of the masses and inversely proportional to the distance squared between the particles.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When one of the two objects is the earth and the other object is near the surface of the earth (where r is about 6400 km) / is essentially constant, then the attraction law becomes f = mg.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Another essential law to consider is the Parallelogram Law.

Rising Demand In Store For Chemical Engineering Environmental Sciences Essay

Thermodynamicss are theoretical accounts that are used to calculate physical belongingss of crude oil fluids need for chemical procedure design and extraction operations in crude oil related industries. Besides process simulators that are used in chemical procedures and operational intents are normally prepared with every bit many as a twelve or more of thermodynamic theoretical accounts that give support during chemical procedure of crude oil fluids. The basic input parametric quantities needed for usage in these theoretical accounts are important invariables, acentric factor, and molecular weights of certain chemicals such as Pentane. On the other manus, crude oil fluids are chiefly mixtures of hydrocarbon compounds in the signifier of liquids and gases. Citation 2 Alivev, T.L. â€Å" rough oil processing. † Chemical Engineering Research. New York, New York: Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc, 2006. Print. The oil production industry operates on a wide mixture of chemical procedures that can assist it to profit from progress mold and control techniques. The traditional additive control techniques can be applied to most processing systems that frequently consequences in sub-optimal closed-loop public presentation. The current work nowadayss patterning and control of a refinery installation simulation utilizing 2nd order Volterra series theoretical accounts and a nonlinear theoretical account prognostic control preparation. Realistic procedure informations were generated utilizing a dynamic refinery simulation theoretical account. Results show that a second-order Volterra theoretical account can be used to stand for the chemical works that exhibits both nonlinear additions and nonlinear kineticss. Citation 1 Spright, J.G. â€Å" The Effect of Asphaltenes And Resin Constituents on Recovery and Refining Processes. † Petroleum Asphaltene. portion 2. Laramie, Wyoming: Cadmium & A ; W inc. , 2004. Print. Petroleum is a complex but a carefully balanced system that depends on the relationship of the constitutional fractions to each other and the relationships are operated by the chemical science of molecular interactions. Furthermore, some facets of recovery and refinement chemical science, particularly the chemical science of the deposition of asphaltienic can be proposed by virtuousness of the surveies that have led farther cognition of the nature of asphaltene components and the rosin components and peculiarly the nature of their interaction in oil. Besides there are alterations that occur during procedure that will mess up the balance of the crude oil system, such as chemical change of components and accelerators during thermic recovery procedure. Citation 5 Stamps, A.T. â€Å" Outlook for Chemical Engineers. † 2008 American Control Conference, ACC. California: Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc, 2008. Print. The current province of chemical technology and procedure control is really of import to the many different industries in the universe today ; Such as the crude oil, petrochemical, pharmaceutical and the medical industries. The job is there are non many chemical applied scientists out at that place today that can help in all of the undermentioned industries. The demand for chemical applied scientists is at an all clip high particularly in the crude oil industries. the crude oil industry presently find itself viing for progressively thin chemical applied scientists as the demand for applied scientists grows in emerging industries such as biotechnology and semiconducting materials. In the following 10 old ages the demand for chemical applied scientists will lift dramatically. Citation 5 Wrench, , Richard. â€Å" Refining/processing. † Oil & A ; Gas Journal. Tulsa, Oklahoma: PennWell Publishing Company, 1998. Print Long ago the most frequent technique to spate rough oil and crude oil was to divide different constituents by utilizing a technique called fractions. In order to utilize fractions to divide constituents you have to make it by utilizing the differences in boiling temperature by fundamentally heating up rough oil to allow it zap and so compact the vapour. Nowadays, the most preferable technique to separate constituents in rough oil or petro fuels is through chemical processing. Chemical procedure can check longer ironss of oil into shorter 1s, through this oil refineries have the ability turn rough oil into Diesel fuel which is so can be turned into gasolene depending on the demand. Citation 6 Williamss, British shilling. â€Å" Rising demand in shop for chemical technology. † Oil & A ; Gas Journal. Tulsa, Oklahoma: PennWell Publishing Company, 1989. Print. Chemical applied scientists are in high demand in today ‘s crude oil and energy industries. There is a Strong demand for chemical applied scientists in the refinement and petrochemical sectors, which will go on the remainder of the century. Besides, demand for chemical technology expertness will speed up upstream every bit good, as lifting oil and gas monetary values revive the economic sciences of enhanced oil recovery and alternate fuels development. Beyond traditional attempts to better resource recovery and procedure works operations, chemical applied scientists face much bigger challenges such as covering with environmental, wellness, and safety concerns that are of import, because of the displacement to a more cleansing agent and green ways to provide energy. Chemical applied scientists face a bright but more ambitious hereafter in the U.S. crude oil industry. Strong demand for chemical applied scientists, particularly in the refinement and petrochemical sectors, will go on the remainder of the century. Demand for chemical technology expertness will speed up upstream every bit good, as lifting oil and gas monetary values revive the economic sciences of enhanced oil recovery and alternate fuels development. The crude oil industry will happen itself viing for progressively scarce chemical applied scientists as demand for them grows in emerging industries such as biotechnology and semiconducting materials. Chemical technology faces a close term deficit in forces even as research needs turn more intense. Beyond traditional attempts to better resource recovery and procedure works operations, chemical applied scientists face a much bigger challenge covering with environmental, wellness, and safety concerns. Those are among the positions of 1989 American Institute of Chemical Engineering Pres. Edward R. H. McDowell on the mentality for U.S. chemical technology. McDowell, retired director of the Chevron Oil Field Research Co. ‘s reservoir technology division in La Habra, Calif. , developed Chevron ‘s computing machine simulated mold of EOR procedures. He besides developed the computing machine plan Chevron uses worldwide to take sites for production and injection Wellss to afford maximal recovery. Prospects outstanding. McDowell sees outstanding chances for chemical applied scientists, particularly in downstream sectors of the crude oil industry. That cheery mentality is n't born of a belief in go oning roar conditions in those industries. McDowell echoed the decisions of a 1988 AIChE undertaking force that questioned the long term viability of the U.S. oil and chemical industries. That undertaking force saw limited growing in front for both U.S. industries because of the impregnation of the U.S. car market, increasing foreign competition, and environmental and regulative restraints. Even with that, â€Å" there are major technological alterations that are traveling to happen in refinement and petrochemicals, and chemical applied scientists are the 1s that will be responsible for those alterations. † Noteworthy among those needed alterations will be chemical applied scientists ‘ challenge to do workss run more expeditiously by bettering procedures and bettering instrumentality and controls in those procedure, he said. â€Å" On the production side, there is a batch of work that can be done in happening the particular enhanced oil recovery procedure that will work in an single oil field and so steering that procedure to do it work. † One critical country in EOR is understanding the thermodynamics of thermic EOR techniques — the reaction chemical science of heat transportation. Computer edification. Chemical applied scientists should work to better their edification in computing machine mold capablenesss, McDowell said. â€Å" Many major progresss have been made in systems for imitating complex chemical technology processes and procedure control. â€Å" The coming of supercomputers has allowed us to do much more elaborate computations of highly complex chemical technology systems, even in dynamic footings. â€Å" On the other manus, little workstations have brought major calculating power and artworks shows to the applied scientist ‘s desk. This consequences in a much better experiencing for what the Numberss on mountains of computing machine paper mean. † That greater capableness, in bend, will take to better instrumentality and increased cognition of how chemical procedures work, thereby progressing procedure control. Improved computing machine edification for the chemical applied scientist applies upriver every bit good as downstream, McDowell contends. He sees an emerging demand for really big reservoir simulations to assist in planing upstream undertakings — primary and secondary every bit good as EOR. Alternate fuels. Chemical applied scientists will play a polar function in how far the U.S. turns to jump fuels to cover with environmental and energy security concerns, McDowell said. Of particular note are attempts to develop alternate transit fuels such as methyl alcohol to assist cover with concerns about the nursery consequence — planetary warning due to the buildup of certain gases such as C dioxide in the stratosphere. McDowell sees it as a existent quandary, given the overpowering dependance of the universe on fossil fuel and uncertainness over whether the nursery consequence is a existent menace. â€Å" It ‘s traveling to be really difficult to fire any fossil fuel without bring forthing some CO [ 2 ] . † He sees the concern over depletion of the ozone bed caused by halogenated CFCs ( CFCs ) as more clear cut, nevertheless. Chemical applied scientists have been instrumental in developing options as manufacturers phase our Chlorofluorocarbons with replacements. Energy concerns. McDowell thinks AIChE ‘s 1983 white paper on man-made fuels may hold to be revised in visible radiation of turning U.S. dependance on oil imports. That white paper cited a national security demand for developing a U.S. synfuels industry. It outlined how chemical applied scientists can supply expertness in communities ‘ exigency response plans in the event of another energy crisis. â€Å" In the 1970s, we heard that there would be so many energy undertakings to bring forth liquid fuels from oil, shale, and coal at that place would n't be adequate chemical applied scientists to plan, concept, and run these workss. â€Å" Today, it is difficult to happen even a bench graduated table research undertaking on developing these man-made beginnings of energy. â€Å" In the 1970s and 1980s, we found that the sum of oil produced and the monetary value of that oil were no longer put in Houston, New York, or even Washington but were determined in the Middle East. In the early 1980s, economic experts forecast oil monetary values of $ 40, $ 50, $ 70, and $ 80/bbl. In world, nevertheless, the monetary value dropped to less than $ 10/bbl for a short clip. † The U.S. needs to look at energy supply/demand in a planetary context if it intends to decide its energy jobs, McDowell said. â€Å" It may non be popular right now with our leaders, but atomic energy may hold a function to play down the route. That does n't intend the crude oil industry has a hapless hereafter. Hydrocarbons still will be needed for petrochemicals and other merchandises, and crude oil is such a various natural stuff there will be a demand for it for many old ages to come. † Environmental concerns. One of chemical technology ‘s most of import functions will be to get by with jobs associated with risky and toxic waste handling and disposal, McDowell said. â€Å" Chemical applied scientists have been educated and trained to be job convergent thinkers. The best manner to work out the job of toxic waste handling and disposal is to minimise the sum of its production. † The chemical applied scientist ‘s first focal point should be on how to plan or choose a procedure based on which one best minimizes production of toxic waste, he said. â€Å" For illustration, there ‘s a batch of research and development being carried out on happening ways to concentrate a toxic waste watercourse in such a manner as to do the job more easy manageable or to happen other ways toxic by-products can be recycled safely and economically. † McDowell sees first-class entrepreneurial chances for chemical applied scientists in environmental direction as more chemical companies emphasis strong environmental plans to ease the populace ‘s wellness and safety concerns over toxic substances. â€Å" Take a expression at what Monsanto is wearing — seeking to cut down all of its waste chemicals to zero within a specified clip. That is a enormous sum of paperwork entirely. † McDowell believes chemical technology ‘s research needs in the crude oil industry should concentrate as much on environmental concerns as on seeking to better the recovery of natural stuffs and the output of merchandises. Chief among needed research countries are air quality jobs at refineries and the menace of groundwater taint by hydrocarbons, he said. AIChE ‘s function. AIChE will concentrate on two countries of public personal businesss to heighten the function of chemical applied scientists in U.S. society. McDowell sees local AIChE subdivisions as the key. AIChE will enlist more chemical applied scientists in local subdivisions to work with local authorities functionaries in guaranting sensible ordinances in countries such as procedure safety, trusting on chemical applied scientists ‘ traditional function as job convergent thinkers. â€Å" For illustration, the New Jersey local subdivisions have been recognized by that province ‘s governor for their outstanding part to exigency response planning. † AIChE besides plans to develop more white documents for authorities organic structures such as Congress and the Environmental Protection Agency on proficient issues. AIChE under McDowell ‘s auspices is endeavoring to break its service to members. In response to ailments about AIChE ‘s proficient plans being excessively academic and missing relevancy to operational applications, McDowell appointed a staff manager for scheduling and will force for more scheduling with other societies. AIChE besides boosted its member communications attempts with start-up of a monthly member newspaper. McDowell besides wants to prosecute outreach attempts overseas. â€Å" With the U.S. industry topic to more planetary competition, we need an expanded, better defined policy of how we relate to our sister chemical technology societies in other states and how we support AIChE members working overseas. † Employment concerns. One of the association ‘s most of import enterprises, said McDowell, is its new engineering commission ‘s plan to make out to industries AIChE believes are underutilizing chemical applied scientists, particularly among emerging engineerings. â€Å" Of peculiar involvement to chemical applied scientists are those specialising in biotechnology, advanced stuffs, and new stuffs. However, these endeavors have for the most portion been started and run by either life scientists or electrical applied scientists. Not as many chemical applied scientists as we would hold hoped hold found occupation chances in these turning concerns. â€Å" Even though unemployment does n't look to be a job today, we are on the sentinel for the following rhythm. . . to state proficient direction in industries where chemical applied scientists are underutilized what chemical applied scientists can make, thereby broadening employment chances in our profession. † At the same clip, chemical applied scientists are underutilized in the crude oil industry, McDowell feels. The restructuring and consolidation that swept the crude oil industry in the early 1980s cost many chemical applied scientists their occupations. â€Å" Today, as a consequence, many chemical applied scientists are no longer working for major chemical or crude oil companies, which had appeared to assure womb-to-tomb employment. Alternatively, we find chemical applied scientists working for little companies as independent advisers and as contract labour. † â€Å" The workss that survived this restructuring are now running expeditiously. But really small attempt is being made in research, modernisation of the works, or go oning instruction and development of the work force. † Manpower squeezing. The downswing in the crude oil industry, which traditionally has accounted for about half of U.S. chemical technology employment, besides cut undergraduate registration in the subject. In 1987, about 10-11 % of chemical technology graduates went to work in the crude oil fuels industry and about 40 % in chemicals treating. â€Å" Registrations are down because of hapless industry conditions, † said McDowell. â€Å" At the same clip, demand for chemical technology alumnuss is turning. Presently, most alumnuss each have at least two occupation offers. † Much of the increasing demand for chemical technology alumnuss will come from the subjects spectrum broadening into other engineerings such as semiconducting material research and biotechnology. Thus crude oil companies will happen themselves viing more for chemical technology endowment with other industries every bit good as with each other. â€Å" The whole state needs to be really concerned about where its hereafter proficient expertness is coming from, † McDowell said. â€Å" Industry in peculiar demands to supply more calling counsel for minorities. † It ‘s all portion of a subject holding to get by with rapid alteration in the primary industries it serves, McDowell noted. â€Å" One thing I can state you is that the following 10 old ages will convey every bit many alterations as the past 20 have. † Subject: A CHEMICAL ENGINEERINGA ( 94 % ) ; A PETROLEUM PRODUCTSA ( 91 % ) ; A ENGINEERINGA ( 90 % ) ; A PETROCHEMICALSA ( 90 % ) ; A CHEMICALS MARKETSA ( 90 % ) ; A OIL & A ; GAS INDUSTRYA ( 90 % ) ; A PETROLEUM & A ; COAL PRODUCTS MFGA ( 90 % ) ; A OIL EXTRACTIONA ( 90 % ) ; A PETROCHEMICALS INDUSTRYA ( 89 % ) ; A RESEARCHA ( 89 % ) ; A MODELING & A ; SIMULATIONA ( 89 % ) ; A COMPUTER SIMULATIONA ( 87 % ) ; A CHEMICALSA ( 79 % ) ; A CHEMICALS MFGA ( 79 % ) ; A CHEMISTRYA ( 79 % ) ; A PETROCHEMICAL MFGA ( 78 % ) ; A PETROLEUM REFINERIESA ( 78 % ) ; A OIL & A ; GAS PRICESA ( 73 % ) ; A BIOTECHNOLOGY & A ; GENETIC SCIENCEA ( 71 % ) ; A PHYSICSA ( 70 % ) ; A Heart: A CVX ( NYSE ) A ( 92 % ) ; A Industry: A NAICS324110 PETROLEUM REFINERIES A ( 92 % ) ; A NAICS211111 CRUDE PETROLEUM AND NATURAL GAS EXTRACTIONA ( 92 % ) ; A SIC2911 PETROLEUM REFINERIES A ( 92 % ) ; A NAICS 213112 OIL & A ; GAS INDUSTRYA ( 90 % ) ; A Person: A ANN LIVERMOREA ( 56 % ) ; A Organization: A AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERSA ( 59 % ) ; A State: A UNITED STATESA ( 95 % ) ; A Company: A CHEVRON CORPA ( 92 % ) ; A A A AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERSA ( 59 % ) ; A Language: English Series: This is the first of three articles on the mentality for U.S. chemical technology, observing the centenary of its birth at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1888-89. Graphic: Cover Photo, Staff Engineer Dr. Lori Hasselbring infusions residue from air sensitive accelerators, portion of Phillips Petroleum Co. ‘s research to back up turning demand for forte chemicals. A revival in chemical technology is due chiefly to the resurgence of the petrochemical and refinement industries. The mentality for U.S. chemical technology is the topic of three upcoming OGJ articles. The first, an interview with American Institute of Chemical Engineers Pres. Edward R. H. McDowell. ; Illustration, 100th day of remembrance, CHEMICAL ENGINEERING ; Picture, Edward R. H. McDowell, As many alterations in the following 10 old ages as in the past 20.

Children and Criminal Intent

Case Study #1 James M. Bufford Liberty University Online 11/18/12 This week’s case study was very interesting from a developmental standpoint. It seems to be a rather blanket statement of our legal system to say that children under 7 are not held responsible for crimes and that a 6 year-old cannot form criminal intent. My personal opinion is that children differ in their maturity levels (some may act older, others younger, developmentally). However, with that opinion, I can see the argument of: Who determines that maturity level? What is that determination based upon?What research has been done to prove this? Therefore, we must refer to what has been proven through the many years of research of biosocial development. According to our text, the prefrontal cortex (sometimes called the frontal cortex or frontal lobe) is said to be the executive of the brain because all the other areas of the cortex are ruled by the planning, prioritizing and reflection in the prefrontal cortex. S till, this area must be developed-or mature-over the years; this development occurs through genetics and early experience (Berger, 2011, pg. 15). In this case, it seems the early experience of growing up around those that were most likely careless and irresponsible with guns, had a major impact on the boys life. Maybe he was taught to shoot in the backyard? All of this could be considered what Vygotsky considered to be â€Å"Social Learning†-which could also lead to the child being curious about guns and observant about how they are to be used, as well as being â€Å"mentored† by his loved ones who were also in prison on gun-related charges (Berger, 2011, pg. 240). Maybe he feared his classmate?This may have led to him taking the gun to school, being afraid of confrontation. The interaction of the amygdala and the hippocampus can cause fear to be either constructive (causing a child to use good judgement); or, in this case, destructive, allowing fear and misplaced ange r to take over their emotions and act out on what he’s seen other family members do (shooting a gun) (Berger, 2011, pg. 217). Perseveration, the tendency to persevere in, or stick to, one thought or action for a long time (Berger, 2011, pg. 216), may have also played a role in the child carrying out this action of shooting his classmate.The fact that he was able to remember overnight to take the gun to school and use it the next day. Acknowledging, once again, the childs’ upbringing, maybe he was encouraged to be like his other family members? This could be a natter of gaining extrinsic motivation, which is a drive, or reason to pursue a goal, that arises from the need to have one’s achievements rewarded outside, perhaps by receiving material possessions or another person’s esteem (Berger, 2011, pg. 267). This, as well, is crucial to consider when looking at all the factors that went into the child committing this crime.Who knows how long this lifestyle w as embedded into his young, impressionable mind! There were so many variables that contributed to this unfortunate situation. The fact that he ran into the corner after pulling the trigger shows that maybe when he got in trouble at home, he was sent to the corner as a way of punishment. His actions after the crime showed he carried on as a child, not realizing the significance and danger of what just occurred due to his impulsiveness in the moment of anger. REFERENCES Berger, 2011. The Developing Person Through The Life Span. New York, NY. Worth Publishers

New Public Health Measures Essays

New Public Health Measures Essays New Public Health Measures Paper New Public Health Measures Paper Introduction All of us here today are public health enthusiasts. If we weren’t we would be somehwere else, maybe helping sick people to get better. That is a worthy calling and thank goodness for all the people who do it. But so too is prevention, so too is keeping society healthy, so too is protecting the environment, so too is keeping food and water safe, so too is attending to immunization and child health. When we talk about public health these latter things, that focus on the whole community, or groups within society and the things that determine their health, are what we are talking about. This is big picture stuff. This is about asking why some communities are healthy and some are ill. Why do some communities have such high rates of diabetes, like the Pacific Islands, while other countries have no diabetes but lots of HIV and TB? These are the kind of interests and enthusiasms that have led people into public health as a career for as long as it has been around. These are the kind of questions that were asked ages ago and which are still appropriate to be asked now. So what is this thing called the ‘new’ public health? How has it come about and does it have added value? In brief, the new public health has come about because of growing interest in the subtle interaction of the environment with people living in affluent societies. The old public health remains the public health that most of the world needs, quite frankly, because communicable disease, malnutrition and other scourges are still the major killers worldwide. These are more or less the same as those that led people in the fifteenth century to look at how things such as the plague and cholera could be controlled through sanitation, clean water and quarantine. The new public health But the new public health is much more concerned with the interplay between affluence, social well being, education and health, social capital and health. These are not hard and fast things, like having no system for waste water disposal or using contaminated drinking water. They are more subtle, but in societies like ours where the basic public health engineering and  immunization and food safety are well in place and require surveillance but not reinvention, these new factors – the social, economic and community quality factors – are rising in importance as determinants of health and causes of illness. 1 For example, Michael Marmot has done studies with Geoffrey Rose and others in the UK examining coronary disease rates among civil servants, known as the Whitehall studies. They found that things like a sense of social control and cohesiveness were important determinants of whether people develop coronary disease. Money wasn’t everything. In the Whitehall II study, Marmot (Director of the International Centre for Health and Society at the University College London) and his colleagues examined the psychological characteristic of work termed â€Å"low control† – meaning that an individual worker had little control over his or her daily activities in the workplace. The results showed that it was an important predictor of the risk of cardiovascular disease and that it had an important role in accounting for the social gradient in coronary disease. 1 The origins of the new public health. The Canadians have been very active over many years in promoting our understanding about the interplay between society and social environmental factors and health. This started in 1974 when Marc Lalonde, who was then the Canadian health minister, commissioned a report on the health of Canadians which proposed four sets of factors that were important to keep in mind when thinking about the health of the public. The Lalonde Report2 refers to these four factors collectively as â€Å"The Health Field Concept†. The four elements are human biology, environment, lifestyle and health care organization. The human biology element includes all those aspects of health, both physical and mental, which are developed within the human body as a consequence of the basic biology of man and the organic make-up of the individual. The environment category includes all those matters related to health which are external to the human body and over which the individual has little or no control (for example, foods, water supply, etc). The lifestyle category consists of the aggregation of decisions by individuals which affect their health and over which they more or less have control. The fourth category in the concept is health care organisation, which consists of the quantity, quality, arrangement, nature and relationships of people and resources in the provision of health care the health care system. The Lalonde Report was ground breaking in its day and provoked widespread international interest. Implementation proved to be far harder than was expected and the resilience of the health-care system to drain resources away from the first three fields was spectacular. Nevertheless, Canada has had a more lively interest in the contribution of the first three fields to health and has preserved a degree of control over health care, including rigid enforcement of a restriction on numbers of doctors trained and practicing, ever since. Although perhaps not a direct consequence of the Lalonde Report, Canada has also 2 played a leading role in the evolution of health promotion as a discipline. Several of the leaders in the field, now nearly 30 years on from the Report, are Canadians. They have had a special sensitivity to the potential for health gain by examining not only what can be done to encourage and sustain changes in individual human behaviour that will contribute to better health, but also those changes that can be effected in the natural and built environment that can assist in achieving this goal. Health promotion and the new public health In Australia, the new public health has been reflected in the steady rise of health promotion, expressed such ways as the formation of the Australian Health Promotion Association. The Association’s major objectives include providing opportunities for members’ professional development, increasing public and professional awareness of the roles and functions of health promotion practitioners, and contributing to discussion, debate and decision making on health promotion policy and programs. Since its incorporation in 1990, the Health Promotion Association has grown and developed such that it now has an established function and a central place in Australia’s health promotion landscape. Health promotion is an active form of public health in which an agenda is set with communities and individuals to affirm positively the value of health and push towards high levels of health, seeing it rather as the WHO does as a positive state of well being and not simply the absence of illness. Health promotion uses a range of tactics and methods to achieve its ends, including community participation, development and skill strengthening, advocacy (where health professionals and others lobby for health to be taken seriously at political and commercial levels), and education. Something of a contrast has come to be drawn between the activist promotion end and the formal epidemiological end of the public health spectrum, the former hoeing in boots and all to effect change and the latter taking careful steps, using rigorous studies and statistics, to establish cause and effect relationships before acting. Both groups tend to drive one another nuts. This is a lively tension and not one that is likely to go away. Professor Fran Baum who is head of the Department of Public Health at Flinders University in Adelaide has written a book entitled The new public health: an Australian perspective, that I commend to you. In it the idea of the new public health is given extensive coverage. 3 Source: Baume, F (1988) The new public health: an Australian perspective The new public health overlaps and interacts with other health movements of the past decade – particularly health promotion, primary health care, community health, women’s health, Aboriginal health, workers’ health and health education. 3 History of the new public health The new public health started to develop in the 1980s. It was in the mid-1980s that there was a significant shift in public health when the WHO’s first international conference on health promotion was held in Ottawa, Canada. There were two driving forces behind the Ottawa Charter. It was clear that the Health for All by the Year 2000 strategy was not being adopted by industrialised countries, and the limitations of the lifestyle and behavioural approaches were increasingly being seen as requiring a new conceptualization for health promotion. Also the time was opportune for a more health promotion statement. The Ottawa Charter managed to integrate many of the different perspectives of health promotion. While being seen as the foundation of the new public health, it did not reject behavioural and lifestyle approaches, but saw them as part of the acquisition of personal skills for health. The Charter is based on the belief that health requires peace, shelter, education, food, income, a stable ecosystem, social justice and equity as prerequisites. 4 Box 3. 1: The Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion, 1986. The Development of healthy public policy, which recognises that most of the private and public sector policies that affect health lie outside the conventional concerns of health agencies. Rather they are in policies such as environmental protection legislation, progressive taxation, welfare, occupational health and safety legislation and enforcement, land rights legislation and control of the sale and distribution of substances such as alcohol and tobacco. Health becomes, therefore, a concern and responsibility of each sector of government. The creation of supportive environments in which people can realise their full potential as healthy individuals. The Charter recognises the importance of social, economic and physical environmental factors in shaping people’s experiences of health. Strengthening community action refers to those activities that increase the ability of communities to achieve change in their physical environmental factors in shaping people’s experience of health. The development of personal skills acknowledges the role that behaviour and lifestyles plays in promoting health. The skills called for are those that enable people to make healthy choices. It also extends the skills base for health to those associated with community organisation, lobbying and advocacy, and the ability to analyse individual problems within a structural framework. Reorientation of health services is a call for health systems to shift their emphasis from (in most industrialised countries) an almost total concentration on hospital-based care and extensive technological diagnostic and intervention to a system that is community-based, more user-friendly and controlled, which focuses on health. The Ottawa Charter stresses the importance of, and recommends: Advocacy for health Enabling people to achieve their full health potential Mediation between different interests in society for the pursuit of health Source: Baume, F (1988). The new public health: an Australian perspective Following in the spirit of the Ottawa Charter, in 1986 the Better Health Commission (BHC), a group established by the then Commonwealth Minister for Health, Neal Blewett, published Looking Forward to Better Health. Its brief was to recommend ways in which health in Australia might be promoted, especially though ways that were 5  unconventional for the medical and public health professions. It was part of Australia’s response to the World Health Organization’s commitment to achieve equitable levels of health for all people, according tot the political and economic possibilities of each country, by 2000. This report contained proposals for achieving greater equity in health in Australia together with strategies to address several major preventable contributors to death and disease. Task forces established goals and targets for three priority health topics: cardiovascular disease, nutrition and injury. 4 In making these choices the Commission was concerned to identify not only big problems, but also problems potentially amenable to prevention. Heart disease, the principal cause of death, was also chosen because of its multiple modifiable causes (e. g. diet, smoking an sedentary living), nutrition because of its multiple consequences (e. g. diabetes, heart disease and cancer) and injury because it cannot be dealt with preventively by efforts confined to health care but must involve industry, transport, law enforcement and industrial relations. These three major health problems in contemporary Australian society are priorities for health promotion by virtually any criterion. The work of the BHC was taken further in the National Better Health Program and led to the formulation of national health goals and then national health priorities which remain in place today. By the end of the 1980s, despite success, there was some Australian scepticism about the new directions in public health. Some questioned whether the new public health was really ‘new’ or simply old ideas in new clothing. This criticism is somewhat harsh as one of the features of the Ottawa Charter is that it does not ignore public health history but rather builds on it. The Ottawa Charter reflected numerous social and health movements of the previous 120 or so years. Its claims to be ‘new’ derives from how it pulled together numerous and diverse movements to present a package which gave public health a more radical and cohesive direction than had been the case for some time. Today, public health is alive and well and confronting in this country the challenges that it can assist ameliorate. We are an astonishingly healthy nation – on average. We have the second longest healthy life expectancy of all nations, a fraction behind Japan. But within our country we have communities including those of some of our Indigenous people where these privileged are far from being available. It is here that a combination of old and new public health measures is required. Good work is being done and more is needed. This is the mission of public health. 6 References 1. Marmot, M ‘Inequalities in Health’, The New England Journal of Medicine 2001;345(2):134-136 2. Lalonde, M (1974) A New Perspective on the Health of Canadians. Ottawa: National Ministry of Health and Welfare 3. Baume, F (1998) The new public health: an Australian perspective Publisher: Oxford University Press 4. Leeder S R (1999) Healthy Medicine, Challenges facing Australia’s health services Publisher: Allen Unwin 7

Public Health Paper on Surveillance Ethics based on a case study Research

Public Health on Surveillance Ethics based on a case study - Research Paper Example Notably, SARS is a highly contagious and airborne infection caused by mutant viral strains. The disease is characterized with acute fever, headaches, muscle pains and breathing problems, just to mention a few. Its pandemics have been observed in various parts of the world, including; China, the UK and Canada and in some sections of the United States. So far, the most effective control measure put forward to combat the menace is controlled movement and quarantine, while antibiotics and antiviral drugs are also used in it management. In this case, the ethical concerns surrounding SARS are critically reviewed. Several ethical considerations should be taken into account in proposing public health strategic plans. Firstly, the program to be implemented must be in a position to promote benefits of the individual and community involved. Since programs are hardly seamless, chances of encountering impediments in the public health program are very high. As a result, the proposed program must be able to aid in alleviation, prevention and total elimination of harm (Petrini, 2013). In cases where the challenges cannot be fully eliminated, the program to be implemented should be in a position to balance the harm and the benefits that are likely to result from its implementation. This implies that in order for the strategy to be enforced to be fully acceptable, it must exhibit an ability to fairly distribute the benefits and burdens to be incurred in it. Also, the plan should be able to promote public participation thus giving a chance to the affected populations to be heard, and an opportunity to ai r their concerns. Through such allowance of the public participation, there should be due respect for autonomy and liberty of the masses. Further, respect to privacy and confidentiality is vital if specific programs are to be acceptable

Corporate Communication Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Corporate Communication - Research Paper Example In order to analyse its theoretical framework, many scholars have developed several corporate communication theories like critical theory, co-orientation theory, discourse theory, stakeholder communication theory etc. Critical theory is the one most popularly used to study the network of communication in an organisation. The framework of critical theory helps to examine the complications and â€Å"contradictions of marginalization and resistance† in an organisation as well as in the society (Littlejohn & Foss, 2009, p.237). Vary explained that â€Å"the adoption of critical theory provides a means of viewing again the notion of knowledge management in terms of the ethics of human communication and allows the questioning of the centrally of rational decision making as basis of managing† (Babos & Peterson, n.d.). This theory emphasises on knowledge and advocates it as the most necessary element for developing a sound communication system. ‘Communication for stakeholders’ is the latest theory that helps to develop the framework for managing an efficient communication system with the stakeholders. This theory analyses the importance of corporate communication in strategic m anagement of stakeholders. Cornelissen has divided the stakeholders into two groups. These are contractual stakeholders and community stakeholder. This theory focuses on establishing communication with each group of stakeholders (Cornelissen, 2004, p.59). Corporate identity attempts to provide an organisation with a unique brand image that differentiates the host from its close competitors. Hatch and Schultz defined corporate identity as a â€Å"symbolic construction† that must be communicated by the decision makers to its employees (Melewar, 2008, p.15). Once the management successfully delivers the objective of corporate identity, the employees must understand their responsibility of developing the organisational culture. In recent years, the urge of gaining corporate identity in business